Swim Design Space Blog

The UK Swimming Crisis: Why Millions Can’t Swim & How to Fix It

For a country surrounded by water and celebrated for Olympic swimmers, the UK faces a sobering truth: millions of people never learned how to swim. In fact, roughly 1 in 3 British adults, about 14 million people, cannot swim even one 25-metre length. And children are struggling too: nearly 1 in 3 children leave primary school unable to swim 25 metres, up from about 1 in 4 just a year prior. Worryingly, if current trends continue, projections suggest this could worsen to almost 3 in 5 children (60%) failing to meet swim standards by 2025. This widespread lack of swimming ability – often dubbed a “swimming crisis” carries serious implications for safety, health, and quality of life across all age groups.

Why Does It Matter If You Can’t Swim?

Being unable to swim isn’t just about missing out on a fun activity, it’s a genuine public safety concern and a barrier to personal confidence and wellness. Here’s why this crisis deserves everyone’s attention:

In short, having a nation where millions can’t swim isn’t just embarrassing, it’s dangerous and costly. So how did we get here?

What’s Behind the UK’s Swimming Gap?

Multiple factors social, economic, and cultural have contributed to this swimming crisis. Understanding them is the first step toward fixing the problem. Let’s break down the biggest reasons so many Brits never learned to swim:

Fewer Pools and Funding Pressures

One glaring issue is access: it’s hard to learn or practice swimming without pools, and unfortunately the UK has been losing swimming pools at an alarming rate. Over 500 public pools have closed since 2010, and new analysis reveals that 76% of the water space lost in the past 15 years disappeared since 2020. These closures hit disadvantaged areas hardest – of the local authorities with the biggest declines in pool access, 70% are in higher-deprivation areas, exacerbating health inequalities.

Why are pools closing? Many facilities were built decades ago and are costly to maintain, and recent energy price spikes have made heating pools exorbitantly expensive. With increasing financial pressures and aging infrastructure, more pools and leisure centres are at risk of closure, leaving communities without vital places to swim.

While the government offered a one-off £63 million lifeline in 2022 to help with pool energy bills, much of the UK’s pool stock still needs investment. Public funding for leisure has tightened over the years – most pools are run by local councils or trusts with limited budgets. When councils face cuts, pools (which are expensive to heat, staff, and insure) are often on the chopping block. Fewer public pools mean fewer places for school lessons or affordable community swim sessions. Rural communities and poorer towns feel it the most, with some areas now lacking any nearby public pool at all after closures.

The result? Many families simply have no convenient pool available or face crowded facilities with long waiting lists for lessons.

Pandemic Disruption to Lessons

The COVID-19 pandemic dealt a major setback to swimming skills in the UK. During lockdowns, school swimming lessons and public swims were halted for many months. This extended pause caused thousands of kids (and adults) to lose hard-won progress, as swimming skills are perishable and rely on consistency. When lessons stopped, confidence plunged, and technique deteriorated. Instructors report that many children essentially had to restart their learning once pools reopened. Some who were on the cusp of swimming unaided regressed to square one. Even a few years on, overall youth swimming activity remains 5–6% below pre-pandemic levels according to Sport England data. In short, the pandemic didn’t start the swimming crisis, but it certainly made it worse by interrupting the pipeline of new swimmers and causing a lapse in practice for many.

Adults were affected too – those who swam casually pre-Covid often lost the habit and some grew anxious about returning to the water after such a long break. The pandemic created a cohort of children who missed the window of early swim exposure and adults who got out of the routine, all contributing to a wider skill gap.

Inconsistent School Provision

Ideally, every child would learn to swim through school. In England, the national curriculum does require that by age 11 (end of primary school) children should be able to swim 25m and know basic water safety. In practice, this mandate isn’t being met for roughly 1 in 3 kids. Schools face many hurdles in delivering swim lessons: arranging pool time and transport, finding qualified instructors, and covering costs. Some primary schools do an excellent job – for example, offering weekly swim classes in certain year groups. Others struggle or provide no swimming at all. Shockingly, 40% of children who cannot swim have never even been offered school swimming lessons. That means entire cohorts of kids are missing out simply because of where they go to school.

Funding is a big part of the challenge. Schools receive PE and Sport Premium funding which can be used for swimming, but it’s up to each school how to spend it across all sports. Many have tight budgets and competing priorities. It’s not uncommon for schools to ask parents to contribute towards transport or pool fees for swimming lessons – and in lower-income areas, many families simply can’t afford those extra costs. The result is a postcode lottery: some children get years of instruction, while others get virtually none. If a child happens to attend a school with no swim program (or minimal lessons that don’t lead to proficiency), they may finish primary school unable to swim and with no further opportunities in the curriculum to catch up.

Socioeconomic Inequalities

Where you live and your family’s resources significantly affect your chances of learning to swim. There is a stark class divide in swimming proficiency. According to recent data, only 45% of children in the most deprived areas of England can swim 25m by the end of primary school, compared to 76% in the least deprived areas. Another way to put it: a child from a lower-income family is far more likely to become one of the “can’t swim” statistics.

By Year 6 (age 10–11), almost half of kids from low-income households can’t swim unaided, versus about 25% from higher-income families. These gaps reflect access and opportunity more than ability. Affluent parents are not only able to pay for extra private lessons if needed, but they’re also more likely to have been taught to swim themselves and thus prioritize passing it on. In communities where parents never learned, the cycle often repeats into the next generation.

This isn’t just about paying for lessons; it’s also about time and transport. Working single parents may struggle to get a child to the pool on weekends, and families without a car might find that the nearest pool is too far or inaccessible by public transport. When regular swimming relies on private lessons or club memberships, it effectively becomes a luxury that some cannot afford. Experts worry that a two-tier system is emerging: those who can pay ensure their kids become proficient swimmers, while those who can’t are left behind. This inequality in who learns to swim early on directly contributes to the national skills gap.

Cultural and Demographic Factors

Swimming participation also varies by community and background. For some ethnic minority communities in the UK, swimming historically hasn’t been a common pastime – and the statistics reflect that legacy. As of 2022, an astonishing 95% of Black adults and 80% of Black children in England do not swim regularly. This doesn’t mean every individual among them cannot swim, but it does indicate extremely low participation and, by extension, many lacking strong swimming ability or confidence in water.

Long-standing myths (like false notions about body density or buoyancy), a lack of representation in elite swimming, and even historical discrimination (such as past segregation of pools) have created generational reluctance around swimming in some communities. Similarly, people from cultural backgrounds where swimming isn’t commonly taught may not prioritize it for their kids unless opportunities are actively offered.

The result is that who you are and the community you grow up in can shape your swim journey. If you rarely see people like yourself in the water or hear messages like “people like us don’t swim,” it can reinforce non-participation. These cultural barriers are gradually being challenged by initiatives like the Black Swimming Association and inclusive campaigns from Swim England, but there is a long way to go to close this gap. The swimming crisis isn’t uniform – it hits some groups much harder than others.

Fear, Stigma, and the Adult Learner

What about those millions of adults who never learned? Many of the factors that stopped them in childhood (cost, access, lack of opportunity) persisted into adulthood. But by the time someone is in their 20s, 30s, or beyond, not knowing how to swim often carries a sense of embarrassment or fear that becomes its own barrier.

Some adults have a deep fear of water stemming from a negative childhood experience or simply fear of the unknown. Others feel it’s “too late” for them, or worry they’ll look foolish learning as an adult. As one new swimmer put it, “I was really worried what people might think of me and why I hadn’t learned to swim until now.” This kind of self-consciousness can be a huge obstacle – it takes courage to show up at a pool as a beginner when you’re the only adult in the shallow end clinging to a float.

Moreover, adult life responsibilities make it hard to start lessons from scratch. Busy work schedules, family duties, and the general lack of free time or energy can all play a role. Unlike kids, who may get swim lessons scheduled for them, adults have to choose to prioritise learning on their own. If they never had a chance as a child, there’s often no trigger to start later unless a scare or a strong motivation (like a parent wanting to keep up with their water-loving child) pushes them.

The good news is many adults do overcome these challenges, initiatives such as Swim England’s #LoveSwimming campaign have highlighted inspiring stories of adults who learned to swim in their 30s, 40s, even 70s. These stories prove it’s absolutely possible to learn later in life. But first, we as a society need to normalize that it’s OK not to know how to swim, and it’s never too late to learn. Reducing the stigma can encourage more adults to take that brave first step.

Stopping Lessons Too Early

On the flip side, many children do start swimming but then drop out before they’re truly competent. This is a hidden contributor to the crisis. Research by Swim England found that 96% of youngsters are stopping lessons too early – only 4% of 7- to 11-year-olds are meeting the recommended swimming competency standards.

Often, parents pull kids out of lessons once they seem “water confident” (able to splash and play in shallow water) but before they’ve developed critical survival skills like swimming 100m, treading water, or self-rescue techniques. It’s an easy mistake to make; formal lessons can feel repetitive or costly, and once a child enjoys playing in the pool, parents might assume they’ll “be fine” swimming. But being unafraid of water is not the same as being able to handle an unexpected drop into deep water or a strong current at the beach.

Being half-taught can be more dangerous than not at all, since overconfidence without real skill breeds risk. Many kids who leave lessons early plateau at a doggy-paddle level of ability – they might not panic in water, but they also might not float or swim well enough to save themselves in an emergency. This is why swimming and lifesaving organizations now urge: keep children in lessons until they are truly water competent, not just comfortable. Ensuring kids finish the full learn-to-swim journey (through all the swim levels and safety skills) could dramatically improve the next generation’s swimming proficiency.

All these factors interweave to create the current crisis. Pool closures and cost barriers hit the poorest communities hardest. The pandemic erased progress. Gaps in school provision leave many with no foundation. Cultural narratives cause entire groups to miss out. And even those who start learning might stop too soon. The result: millions of UK adults and children who can’t swim confidently or at all.

But it’s not a hopeless situation. Swimming is a skill that can be learned at any age with the right approach. Turning this tide will require action from many angles – from government investment to community outreach – but it also happens one person at a time, when you or your child decide to start (or resume) learning. So, what can be done to fix this swimming gap?

Turning the Tide: How We Can Get Britain Swimming

The good news is that no one is ever “too far gone” to learn to swim. Remember, swimming is a learned skill, not an innate talent – with patience and support, any willing child or adult can master the basics. Addressing the national crisis starts with individual action. Here are some practical steps and solutions to help more people swim safely and confidently:

1. Start (and Stay) in Lessons Early

There is no substitute for quality instruction. Professional swim lessons, whether through school programs, community leisure centres, or private swim schools, provide the structure, safety, and progression needed to learn effectively. If you’re a parent, enroll your kids in lessons at an early age and keep them going consistently. Don’t wait until they’re “old enough to ask” – even babies as young as a few months can start parent-and-child water classes, and toddlers can learn basic water safety skills in a playful setting. If your child’s primary school offers swimming lessons, that’s wonderful – but be prepared to supplement if needed. Many parents assume school lessons alone will do the job, but with limited sessions and large class sizes, it’s often not enough to reach 25m proficiency.

Consider booking additional classes during school holidays or weekends to reinforce skills. The key is not to quit too soon. Even once your child can doggy-paddle or stay afloat, continue lessons until they can formally swim multiple strokes and perform self-rescue techniques. It might take a couple of years of regular lessons, but those are years that could save their life.

For adults who never learned or who struggle in water, the hardest step can be the first one: signing up for a beginner swim class. It’s never too late; adult classes are typically very welcoming and tailored for nervous beginners. You might be surprised how many of your classmates share the same fears and starting point. Instructors use gentle techniques to build comfort, like starting in the shallow end, using flotation devices, and never pressuring you to do more than you’re ready for.

Many adult learners say the most difficult part was walking through the door the first day; after that, it gets easier each session as you see progress. If group classes feel intimidating, you can opt for private one-on-one lessons for more focused attention. The important thing is to get started and keep at it regularly. Progress might feel slow at first, but celebrate each small win – maybe your first time submerging your face or floating without support. Every lesson builds on the last.

Tip: When you’re ready, you can easily Book now with Swim Design Space and let our experienced instructors guide you (we offer sessions for all ages, including complete beginners!). Our teachers are patient, friendly, and skilled at helping even the most nervous swimmers relax and learn at their own pace.

2. Make Practice Fun and Consistent

Like any skill, practice between lessons really cements progress. Try to make time for casual, unpressured practice in the water outside of formal classes. For families, a weekly trip to the local pool for some free play can work wonders. Let kids explore at their own pace: play games like “treasure hunt” (diving for sinking toys), challenge them to do “big kicks” while holding the wall, or count how many underwater bubbles they can blow. Keep it light and positive, these playful sessions build water comfort and reinforce what they learn in class, without the structure of a lesson. The pool should feel like a place of fun, not just instruction.

A great way to motivate children is through water toys and challenges. For example, using a light-up diving stick or a sinking treasure toy can encourage kids to dunk their heads and dive underwater to retrieve objects, turning skill practice into an adventure. Foam noodles or kickboards can become “horses” to ride or “boats” to push around, all while actually practicing kicking and floating. These kinds of tools make the pool a place of imagination rather than fear. As confidence grows, kids will often on their own push themselves to try new skills (“Let me see if I can swim to that toy!”) because it’s all part of play.

Adults can make practice enjoyable too. If you have a friend or partner who swims, ask them to accompany you during a quiet adult swim time and practice together. Work on simple, attainable goals: for example, this week, I’ll float on my back for 5 seconds, or I’ll do two lengths with a kickboard. Having a buddy adds accountability and moral support, plus you can laugh together at the awkward bits and celebrate progress (maybe treat yourself to a nice coffee or smoothie after your pool session as a reward!).

The key is consistency. Swimming once a week (or more) will steadily build your comfort and skills. The more time you spend in the water, the more it starts to feel like a friend rather than a foe.

3. Equip Yourself with the Right Gear

Using the right swim gear can dramatically improve a beginner’s experience and confidence. Two absolute essentials are goggles and a swim cap. A good pair of goggles will protect your eyes from chlorine and let you see underwater clearly, which is crucial for newcomers, burning eyes or fear of not seeing can easily scare someone out of the water. Well-fitted goggles help swimmers (especially kids) keep their face in the water and maintain proper head position, rather than instinctively lifting the head (which causes the body to sink).

Likewise, a swim cap keeps hair out of the face and reduces drag, helping with comfort and focus. For children, fun caps with bright colors or characters can even make them excited to put their cap on. (It becomes a superhero or mermaid costume!) A small investment in the right gear pays off in smoother, more comfortable learning. Be sure to check out our selection of quality Swimming Goggles and Swimming Caps in our store, having your own gear that fits well can make a world of difference.

Beyond the basics, there are fantastic training aids that can accelerate learning for both kids and adults. Swim fins are one great example: wearing fins on your feet adds propulsion and lift, which helps new swimmers move more easily and experience the feeling of gliding through the water. It’s amazing how putting on fins can make you zoom, this builds confidence (“Wow, I’m moving!”) and strengthens your kicking technique. Short training fins are popular for beginners to develop a strong, efficient kick.

Similarly, a front-mounted snorkel can be a game-changer for anyone struggling with coordinating breathing. By using a snorkel, you can keep your face in the water and breathe normally without worrying about turning your head to gasp for air – this lets you focus on mastering your body position and arm strokes first. We often incorporate training snorkels in our classes for adults who panic about breathing; it removes the “I need to lift my head” fear while you build technique. (And no, snorkels aren’t just for tropical vacationers – they’re awesome training tools!)

For those looking to refine their stroke technique, tools like hand paddles or hip rotation belts can provide helpful feedback. For instance, small strapless hand paddles will only stay on your hands if you pull through the water correctly; if your form is off, they’ll slip off, instantly telling you something’s wrong. They help develop a better “feel” for the water and build arm strength.

Another fun gadget is a hip rotation trainer (a belt with fins on the sides) that helps you practice proper hip roll in freestyle/backstroke, great for advanced beginners who want that smooth rotation. And to build a steadier rhythm, waterproof metronomes that beep (you tuck them under your cap) can train you to maintain consistent kicking or stroke timing. Even a simple waterproof stopwatch can be motivating: time your laps or set small goals (“I’ll tread water for 30 seconds today”).

None of these gadgets is magic, but they do add variety and target specific skills, keeping learners engaged. More importantly, having some gear of your own – be it fins, a snorkel, or even just your personal goggles and cap, makes you feel like a swimmer. It’s a psychological boost when you put on that equipment; you start to see yourself as someone who belongs in the pool.

If you’re curious to explore training tools, browse our curated Training Gear collection in the shop (we’ve hand-picked beginner-friendly gear from top swim brands). The right equipment can turn frustration into “aha!” moments and help you progress faster.

4. Tackle Fear Gradually

For anyone, child or adult, dealing with water anxiety, a slow-and-steady approach is vital. At Swim Design Space, our instructors always focus first on water comfort and confidence before technique. If you or your child fear the water, the initial goal isn’t mastering front crawl; it’s simply becoming comfortable in and under the water. This might mean spending multiple sessions practicing how to relax and float, how to submerge your face and blow bubbles (to avoid inhaling water), and how to stand back up from floating.

We often use games and gentle exercises to build these foundational skills. A common one for young kids (that works for adults too!) is holding the pool edge, taking a deep breath, submerging the face to blow bubbles for a few seconds, then coming up and giving a thumbs-up or smile. Repeating that until the smile is genuine is a milestone!

The point is to acclimatize to the sensation of water on the face and the feeling of buoyancy. Water fear often stems from the body’s natural panic when water splashes the face or when you momentarily feel no solid ground. By repeating these sensations in a controlled, supportive environment, your brain learns that it’s okay – the panic response diminishes over time.

We also teach simple safety maneuvers that greatly reduce fear. One of the first skills we give nervous swimmers is how to roll onto their back and float (the “starfish float” or as the RNLI says, “float to live”). Knowing that you can always flip onto your back and float if you’re overwhelmed is a huge confidence booster – it’s like an escape button if you ever get too tired or anxious.

Parents can practice back-floating at home in the bathtub with young children: support your child’s head and let their ears dip in, sing a calming song while they feel the water hold them up. Over time, reduce the support as they relax. This skill not only saves lives, it builds trust in the water.

For adults, overcoming the mental block is often as important as the physical skill. Never hesitate to communicate with your instructor about your fears – a good teacher will never force you past your comfort zone until you’re ready. Progress might be as small as moving one step away from the pool wall or putting your face in for one second longer than last time. That is progress! Celebrate each tiny step and don’t compare yourself to others. Many adult learners find that once they can float and get their face wet without panic, they turn a big psychological corner.

After that, actual swimming strokes start to fall into place faster than expected. Patience and positivity are key: you’re rewriting years of fear with each practice, and that’s a huge accomplishment in itself.

5. Community Support and Advocacy

While individual effort is crucial, broader community support makes a huge difference in solving the swimming crisis. If you’re a parent, consider engaging with your child’s school about their swimming program. Knowing that roughly 72% of children meet the national swim criterion by age 11 means 28% do not – ask what your school is doing to help that 28%. If provision is lacking, you might rally other parents to push for more lessons or work with the school to find solutions.

Sometimes schools can partner with local leisure centres or get grants for additional sessions; parent voices can prompt these changes. We’ve seen PTAs fundraise specifically for swim lessons or transportation, for example. On a community level, keep an eye on local pool facilities. If there’s news of a pool closing or cutting hours, use your voice: write to your council or MP, sign petitions, and support campaigns to save community pools. Each pool kept open is countless future swimmers enabled. Remember, public pressure and community campaigns have saved pools from closure in the past.

There are also fantastic national and local initiatives worth supporting. Drowning Prevention Week each June (led by the Royal Life Saving Society UK) raises awareness about water safety – participating in its events or simply sharing safety tips on social media helps spread the message. Charities like RLSS UK and Swim England often look for volunteers to assist with learn-to-swim programs or become water safety ambassadors in schools.

If you’re passionate about this cause, you could volunteer as a swim mentor or help organize free swim days for underprivileged kids. Some community centers run programs for adult learners from specific backgrounds – for example, women-only sessions for cultural or religious reasons. Volunteering or supporting these efforts not only contributes to solving the crisis, but can be incredibly rewarding as you see people gain a life-changing skill.

Lastly, representation matters. Celebrate and share stories of new swimmers in your circles – like the 43-year-old mum who learned to swim so she could safely join her kids at the pool, or the community groups of Black and Asian swimmers coming together to debunk the myth that “we don’t swim.” The more these success stories circulate, the more others will think, “If they did it, maybe I can too.” Changing a culture can start with just a few people inspiring a few more. By being an advocate and cheerleader for swimming, you help chip away at the perceptions and excuses that keep the crisis going.

6. Find the Right Class and Environment

No matter your age or background, the environment in which you learn makes a huge difference. A supportive, well-structured class can fast-track your progress and make the journey enjoyable, whereas a poorly run or mismatched class might discourage you. Look for programs or instructors that have experience with your needs – whether it’s toddler classes that emphasize fun and water safety, or adult classes specifically designed for fearful beginners. Smaller class sizes can be beneficial, since students get more individual attention and feedback. (At Swim Design Space, we keep very low teacher-to-swimmer ratios in our classes to ensure everyone receives guidance and encouragement.) If you or your child are particularly anxious, ask if the school offers private lessons or small group options; many swim schools do.

It’s also important to learn in a convenient location – somewhere you’ll be able to attend regularly without it becoming a burden. If getting to the pool is too difficult or time-consuming, you’re less likely to keep it up. Fortunately, there are more lesson providers now popping up in various venues, from gyms to school pools and even portable pool setups. If you’re in Gloucestershire, for example, Swim Design Space offers lessons at several easily accessible venues.

You can join classes at Dean Close School in Cheltenham, enjoy the modern pool at Everlast Fitness in Gloucester, swim at the Everlast Gym in central Cheltenham, or attend our sessions at the heated pool at Etloe House Farms in Blakeney. We’ve even partnered with Sir Thomas Rich’s School in Gloucester to host lessons. With multiple locations, our goal is to bring swim instruction closer to you – just choose the site most convenient for your schedule and Book a Class o get started! (All our locations can be booked through our central system – simply pick the venue and time that suits you best.)

Each of our classes, regardless of location, maintains the same high teaching standards and friendly atmosphere. We know that walking into that first lesson can be nerve-wracking for a non-swimmer, so we strive to make our pools judgment-free zones. Our instructors are not drill sergeants; they’re more like patient coaches and cheerleaders. Whether you’re an adult who finally decided to conquer a lifelong fear, or a parent bringing a child who isn’t progressing in school lessons, we welcome you with open arms.

Many of our most successful adult learners started out telling us “I’m absolutely terrified of water” – and today they swim lengths confidently. Your transformation is possible too, with the right support.

Closing Thoughts: A Swim Journey for Everyone

The “swimming crisis” in the UK is very real – but it doesn’t have to remain our reality. The fact that millions of people can’t swim is certainly a challenge, but it’s also an opportunity: an opportunity to improve public safety, to boost health and wellbeing, and to bring communities together through a shared life skill. Every single person who learns to swim, at any age, contributes to solving this crisis. And the ripple effects are huge: that person gains confidence and safety, inspires their friends or family, and maybe one day will teach their own children.

If you or your child are among those who haven’t learned yet, know that you’re not alone – and it’s absolutely possible to change. Today can be the day you take the first step. That might mean having an open conversation about your fears, signing up for a taster lesson, or simply buying a pair of goggles and visiting the local pool during a quiet hour. Picture yourself or your little one a year from now: comfortably gliding through the water, wondering why you ever waited so long. The feeling of pride when you conquer a fear or gain a new ability is like no other.

At Swim Design Space, we firmly believe swimming is for everyone, no exceptions. Our mission is to turn non-swimmers into safe, happy swimmers – one stroke at a time. The water doesn’t care how old you are, where you come from, or what your background is. It welcomes all who are willing to learn. So let’s rise to the challenge of this crisis together. Dive in, start your swim journey, and help us turn the tide – the future of a nation of swimmers is within reach. Happy swimming!